Heavy alcohol use has numerous negative impacts on cognition. In many
cases, it appears that excess drinking influences working memory,
problem solving, attention, patterns of regional brain activation, and
even gray and white matter volume. Due to these effects, most
significant conclusions related to cognitive decline are limited to the
assumption that "more is worse." However, heavy alcohol use is a very
complex psychosocial behavior and is subject to a problematic number of
variables. As a result, it is very difficult to extend generalizations
about drinking-related consequences to the overall population since many
environmental and biological differences come into play for every
individual. Three of these variables shown to have significant impact on
cognitive sensitivity to alcohol are age of first alcohol use (age of
drinking initiation), specific pattern of alcohol consumption and
gender. Potential insight can be gained into how individual drinking
scenarios differ in risk for cognitive decline by assessing how each of
these important factors influences cognition independently. Although
some overlap exists between categories, each still appears to contribute
unique influence on likelihood and presentation of cognition-related
effects. Based on existing and current research, age and gender tend to
augment baseline sensitivity to alcohol, with patterns of alcohol intake
also influencing how changes appear. Given these categorical
differences, it is important to consider personal alcohol drinking
history rather than just aggregate alcohol intake as risk factors in the
cognitive impacts of drinking. The objective of this brief review is to
examine the role of these factors on the effect of alcohol on
cognition.
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